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< Cities and cultures [An article from: Journal of Urban Economics] > G.I.P. Ottaviano,G. Peri  price：$8.95   Elsevier  Available for download now This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Urban Economics, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser. Description: We investigate whether cultural diversity across US cities (measured as the variety of native languages spoken by city residents) is associated with any effect on their productivity. Diversity of cultures may imply diversity of production skills, of abilities and of occupations that enhances the productive performance of a city. On the other hand transaction costs and frictions across groups may hurt productivity. Similarly, diversity in available goods and services can increase utility but distaste for (or hostility to) different cultural groups may decrease it. Using census data from 1970 to 1990, we find that wages and employment density of US-born workers were systematically higher, ceteris paribus, in cities with richer linguistic diversity. These positive correlations reveal a net positive effect of diversity on productivity that survives robustness checks and instrumental variable estimation. This effect is found to be stronger for highly educated workers and for white workers. We also show that better 'assimilated' non-native speakers, i.e. those who speak English well and have been in the US for more than five years, are most beneficial to the productivity of US-born workers. < Specialization, factor accumulation and development [An article from: Journal of International Economics] > D. Fitzgerald,J.C. Hallak  price：$8.95   Elsevier  Available for download now This digital document is a journal article from Journal of International Economics, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser. Description: We estimate the effect of factor proportions on the pattern of manufacturing specialization in a cross-section of OECD countries, taking into account that factor accumulation responds to productivity. We show that the failure to control for productivity differences produces biased estimates. Our model explains 2/3 of the observed differences in the pattern of specialization between the poorest and richest OECD countries. However, because factor proportions and the pattern of specialization co-move in the development process, their strong empirical relationship is not sufficient to determine whether specialization is driven by factor proportions, or by other mechanisms also correlated with level of development. < Fixed exchange rates and trade [An article from: Journal of International Economics] > M.W. Klein,J.C. Shambaugh  price：$10.95   Elsevier  Available for download now This digital document is a journal article from Journal of International Economics, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser. Description: A classic argument for a fixed exchange rate is its promotion of trade. Empirical support for this, however, is mixed. While one branch of research consistently shows a small negative effect of exchange rate volatility on trade, another, more recent, branch presents evidence of a large positive impact of currency unions on trade. This paper helps resolve this disconnect. Our results, which use a new data-based classification of fixed exchange rate regimes, show a large, significant effect of a fixed exchange rate on bilateral trade between a base country and a country that pegs to it. These results suggest an economically relevant role for exchange rate regimes in trade determination since a significant amount of world trade is conducted between countries with fixed exchange rates. < Export-promotion under revenue constraints [An article from: Journal of Asian Economics] > S. Lahiri,A. Nasim  price：$10.95   Elsevier  Available for download now This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Asian Economics, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser. Description: We develop a trade-theoretic model to determine the optimal level of rebate given to the exporting sector on tariffs paid on imported intermediate inputs, when the economy is distorted by an import-substituting bias in its trade policy and is subject to a revenue constraint. By simulating the model, we find that the level of rebate is positively related to both the own-price and the output-price elasticity of demand for intermediate inputs by the exporting sector and that it decreases as the value of the marginal cost for public funds increases. < Trade and inequality in developing countries: a general equilibrium analysis [An article from: Journal of International Economics] > S.C. Zhu,D. Trefler  price：$10.95   Elsevier  Available for download now This digital document is a journal article from Journal of International Economics, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser. Description: Developing and newly industrialized countries that have experienced the sharpest increases in wage inequality are those whose export shares have shifted towards more skill-intensive goods. We argue that this can be explained by technological catch-up. We develop this insight using a model that features both Ricardian and endowments-based comparative advantage. In this model, Southern catch-up causes production of the least skill-intensive Northern goods to migrate South (where they become the most skill-intensive Southern goods). This raises wage inequality in both the South and the North. We provide empirical evidence that strongly supports this causal mechanism: Southern catch-up exacerbates Southern inequality by redirecting Southern export shares towards more skill-intensive goods. < Why are some people (and countries) more protectionist than others? [An article from: European Economic Review] > A.M. Mayda,D. Rodrik  price：$8.95   Elsevier  Available for download now This digital document is a journal article from European Economic Review, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser. Description: We analyze two cross-country data sets that contain information on attitudes toward trade as well as a broad range of socio-demographic and other indicators. We find that pro-trade preferences are significantly and robustly correlated with an individual's level of human capital, in the manner predicted by the factor endowments model. Preferences over trade are also correlated with the trade exposure of the sector in which an individual is employed: individuals in non-traded sectors tend to be the most pro-trade, while individuals in sectors with a revealed comparative disadvantage are the most protectionist. Third, an individual's relative economic status has a very strong positive association with pro-trade attitudes. Finally, non-economic determinants, in the form of values, identities, and attachments, play an important role in explaining the variation in preferences over trade. High degrees of neighborhood attachment and nationalism/patriotism are associated with protectionist tendencies. < Multilateral transfers, export taxation and asymmetry [An article from: Journal of Development Economics] > S. Bandyopadhyay,B. Majumdar  price：$8.95   Elsevier  Available for download now This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Development Economics, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser. Description: It has been established that under free trade, transfers that are proportional to the trade volumes of recipient nations cannot immiserize them. We investigate this result in the context of a three-country model of export taxation (by recipient nations). Proportional transfers can be immiserizing in the presence of fixed export taxes. Under Nash welfare maximizing export taxes, proportional transfers cannot immiserize the recipients. Consequences of asymmetry in size and in Nash equilibrium tax rates are also explored. The findings are relevant for developing nations who use export taxes and also receive foreign aid. < Traders, cops and robbers [An article from: Journal of International Economics] > J.E. Anderson,O. Bandiera  price：$10.95   Elsevier  Available for download now This digital document is a journal article from Journal of International Economics, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser. Description: We propose a simple model of trade outside the law preyed on by robbers and possibly protected by private cops. We establish the conditions for trade collapse, secure trade and insecure trade. Endogenous predation and enforcement can explain both puzzling failures of commonly observed state policies against illegal trade and puzzlingly large trade responses to liberalization in licit goods. < The endogeneity of the exchange rate as a determinant of FDI: A model of entry and multinational firms [An article from: Journal of International Economics] > K.N. Russ  price：$10.95   Elsevier  Available for download now This digital document is a journal article from Journal of International Economics, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser. Description: This paper argues that when the exchange rate and projected sales in the host country are jointly determined by underlying macroeconomic variables, regressions of FDI flows on both exchange rate levels and volatility are subject to bias. The results demonstrate that a multinational firm's response to exchange rate volatility will differ depending on whether the volatility arises from shocks in the firm's native or host country. It is the first study to depart from the representative-firm framework in an analysis of direct investment behavior with money. < The great realignment: How factor-biased innovation reshaped comparative advantage in the U.S. and Japan, 1970-1992 [An article from: Japan&The World Economy] > L. Dudley,J. Moenius  price：$10.95   Elsevier  Available for download now This digital document is a journal article from Japan&The World Economy, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser. Description: Recent changes in comparative advantage in the largest OECD economies contradict static Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek theory. Japan's rising share of machinery exports and the improved comparative advantage of the USA in heavy industry were accompanied by growing scarcities of factors used intensively in these sectors. We show that under factor-price equalization, directed technical change leads to increasing specialization in goods intensive in each country's abundant factor. Testing this hypothesis with 1970-1992 export data from 14 OECD countries, we find that international comparative advantage was reshaped by biased innovation in the largest economies that increased the effective stocks of their abundant factors.

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